Review



mycophenolic acid mpa  (Cayman Chemical)


Bioz Verified Symbol Cayman Chemical is a verified supplier  
  • Logo
  • About
  • News
  • Press Release
  • Team
  • Advisors
  • Partners
  • Contact
  • Bioz Stars
  • Bioz vStars
  • 94

    Structured Review

    Cayman Chemical mycophenolic acid mpa
    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), <t>Mycophenolic</t> acid <t>(MPA),</t> and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Mycophenolic Acid Mpa, supplied by Cayman Chemical, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/mycophenolic acid mpa/product/Cayman Chemical
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    mycophenolic acid mpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    94/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Enhancement of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of mycophenolic acid toxicity by a probiotic-conditioned medium in vitro"

    Article Title: Enhancement of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of mycophenolic acid toxicity by a probiotic-conditioned medium in vitro

    Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

    doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1809197

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

    Techniques Used: Standard Deviation, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Control, Comparison

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the expression of tight junction proteins. The immunoblots show the expression levels of ZO-1 (A,B) and claudin-5 (C,D) proteins in lysates of differentiated CaCo-2 cells that were exposed for 6 h to MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle, either in normal cell culture medium or PP. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the values of densitometric analysis (arbitrary unit) obtained in four experiments; symbols indicate statistical significance student’s t -test (two-group of data) analysis: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to untreated cells (CTRL), # p < 0.005 compared to MMF.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the expression of tight junction proteins. The immunoblots show the expression levels of ZO-1 (A,B) and claudin-5 (C,D) proteins in lysates of differentiated CaCo-2 cells that were exposed for 6 h to MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle, either in normal cell culture medium or PP. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the values of densitometric analysis (arbitrary unit) obtained in four experiments; symbols indicate statistical significance student’s t -test (two-group of data) analysis: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to untreated cells (CTRL), # p < 0.005 compared to MMF.

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Standard Deviation

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on cell viability in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The cells were exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal medium or in PP for 72 h prior to measuring CyQuant fluorescence. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the values obtained in three experiments, expressed as a percentage of the control. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; **** p < 0.0001.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on cell viability in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The cells were exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal medium or in PP for 72 h prior to measuring CyQuant fluorescence. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the values obtained in three experiments, expressed as a percentage of the control. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; **** p < 0.0001.

    Techniques Used: Concentration Assay, CyQUANT Assay, Fluorescence, Standard Deviation, Control, Comparison

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. In panel (A) cells were exposed for 2 h to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or mycophenolic acid (MPA) (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle, either in normal cell culture medium or PP. In panel (B) cells were incubated in normal medium or PP for 2 h before tBHP (300 μM) was added. Intracellular ROS were measured using the dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCF-DA) assay after a 1 h incubation with these treatments. The bar graph shows DCF fluorescence as a percentage of control values ± SD. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. In panel (A) cells were exposed for 2 h to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or mycophenolic acid (MPA) (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle, either in normal cell culture medium or PP. In panel (B) cells were incubated in normal medium or PP for 2 h before tBHP (300 μM) was added. Intracellular ROS were measured using the dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCF-DA) assay after a 1 h incubation with these treatments. The bar graph shows DCF fluorescence as a percentage of control values ± SD. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

    Techniques Used: Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Incubation, Fluorescence, Control, Comparison

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on ABC1B1 activity. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of Rhodamine (Rho-123) fluorescence/protein values measured in three experiments with CaCo-2 cells. The cells were incubated for 24 h with either mycophenolic mofetil (MMF) or mycophenolate acid (MPA), both at a concentration of 50 μM, in normal cell culture medium or in PP. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on ABC1B1 activity. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of Rhodamine (Rho-123) fluorescence/protein values measured in three experiments with CaCo-2 cells. The cells were incubated for 24 h with either mycophenolic mofetil (MMF) or mycophenolate acid (MPA), both at a concentration of 50 μM, in normal cell culture medium or in PP. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005.

    Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Standard Deviation, Fluorescence, Incubation, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Comparison

    Transport of mycophenolic acid (MPA) across CaCo-2 transwells in the presence of probiotic-conditioned (PP) and control medium. (A) Shows representative chromatograms obtained from the upper and lower compartment medium extracts of control and PP-exposed transwells. Experiments were performed in triplicate. As detailed in the Section “2 Materials and methods,” MPA (50 μM) was added to the upper compartment of the transwell, either in normal medium (in the control group) or in the PP medium. The transwell was then incubated for 6 h before the medium was collected and processed. In all groups, MPA eluted with a retention time of approximately 18.5 min. (B) Shows bar graph of the mean ± SD of the ratios of the MPA peak areas in the upper and lower compartments of the control and PP transwells. No statistically significant difference between control and PP medium transwells was observed at the p < 0.05 significance level using an unpaired Student’s t -test.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Transport of mycophenolic acid (MPA) across CaCo-2 transwells in the presence of probiotic-conditioned (PP) and control medium. (A) Shows representative chromatograms obtained from the upper and lower compartment medium extracts of control and PP-exposed transwells. Experiments were performed in triplicate. As detailed in the Section “2 Materials and methods,” MPA (50 μM) was added to the upper compartment of the transwell, either in normal medium (in the control group) or in the PP medium. The transwell was then incubated for 6 h before the medium was collected and processed. In all groups, MPA eluted with a retention time of approximately 18.5 min. (B) Shows bar graph of the mean ± SD of the ratios of the MPA peak areas in the upper and lower compartments of the control and PP transwells. No statistically significant difference between control and PP medium transwells was observed at the p < 0.05 significance level using an unpaired Student’s t -test.

    Techniques Used: Control, Incubation



    Similar Products

    mpa  (ATCC)
    96
    ATCC mpa
    Mpa, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/mpa/product/ATCC
    Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    mpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    96/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    94
    MedChemExpress medroxyprogesterone acetate mpa
    Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Mpa, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/medroxyprogesterone acetate mpa/product/MedChemExpress
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    medroxyprogesterone acetate mpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    94/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    94
    Cayman Chemical mycophenolic acid mpa
    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), <t>Mycophenolic</t> acid <t>(MPA),</t> and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Mycophenolic Acid Mpa, supplied by Cayman Chemical, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/mycophenolic acid mpa/product/Cayman Chemical
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    mycophenolic acid mpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    94/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Nacalai acid mpa
    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), <t>Mycophenolic</t> acid <t>(MPA),</t> and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Acid Mpa, supplied by Nacalai, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/acid mpa/product/Nacalai
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    acid mpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Macklin Inc mpa
    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), <t>Mycophenolic</t> acid <t>(MPA),</t> and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Mpa, supplied by Macklin Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/mpa/product/Macklin Inc
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    mpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Loctite pack mpa s ratio loctite
    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), <t>Mycophenolic</t> acid <t>(MPA),</t> and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Pack Mpa S Ratio Loctite, supplied by Loctite, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/pack mpa s ratio loctite/product/Loctite
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    pack mpa s ratio loctite - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    90
    Addgene inc human mpa gfp cd81 10
    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), <t>Mycophenolic</t> acid <t>(MPA),</t> and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Human Mpa Gfp Cd81 10, supplied by Addgene inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/human mpa gfp cd81 10/product/Addgene inc
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    human mpa gfp cd81 10 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    90/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Macklin Inc acid 3 mpa
    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), <t>Mycophenolic</t> acid <t>(MPA),</t> and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Acid 3 Mpa, supplied by Macklin Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/acid 3 mpa/product/Macklin Inc
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    acid 3 mpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Pacific Biosciences convert megan ncbi c2c to kreport mpa py
    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), <t>Mycophenolic</t> acid <t>(MPA),</t> and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.
    Convert Megan Ncbi C2c To Kreport Mpa Py, supplied by Pacific Biosciences, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/convert megan ncbi c2c to kreport mpa py/product/Pacific Biosciences
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    convert megan ncbi c2c to kreport mpa py - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    Image Search Results


    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

    Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

    Article Title: Enhancement of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of mycophenolic acid toxicity by a probiotic-conditioned medium in vitro

    doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1809197

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of values measured in six experiments performed with differentiated CaCo-2 cells exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal cell culture medium or PP for 6 h. Data are expressed as a percentage of the control group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

    Article Snippet: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolic acid (MPA), produced by the Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, United States), were obtained from Cabru S.A.S. (Arcore, Milan, Italy).

    Techniques: Standard Deviation, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Control, Comparison

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the expression of tight junction proteins. The immunoblots show the expression levels of ZO-1 (A,B) and claudin-5 (C,D) proteins in lysates of differentiated CaCo-2 cells that were exposed for 6 h to MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle, either in normal cell culture medium or PP. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the values of densitometric analysis (arbitrary unit) obtained in four experiments; symbols indicate statistical significance student’s t -test (two-group of data) analysis: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to untreated cells (CTRL), # p < 0.005 compared to MMF.

    Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

    Article Title: Enhancement of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of mycophenolic acid toxicity by a probiotic-conditioned medium in vitro

    doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1809197

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), Mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the expression of tight junction proteins. The immunoblots show the expression levels of ZO-1 (A,B) and claudin-5 (C,D) proteins in lysates of differentiated CaCo-2 cells that were exposed for 6 h to MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle, either in normal cell culture medium or PP. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the values of densitometric analysis (arbitrary unit) obtained in four experiments; symbols indicate statistical significance student’s t -test (two-group of data) analysis: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to untreated cells (CTRL), # p < 0.005 compared to MMF.

    Article Snippet: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolic acid (MPA), produced by the Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, United States), were obtained from Cabru S.A.S. (Arcore, Milan, Italy).

    Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Standard Deviation

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on cell viability in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The cells were exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal medium or in PP for 72 h prior to measuring CyQuant fluorescence. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the values obtained in three experiments, expressed as a percentage of the control. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; **** p < 0.0001.

    Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

    Article Title: Enhancement of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of mycophenolic acid toxicity by a probiotic-conditioned medium in vitro

    doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1809197

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on cell viability in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. The cells were exposed to either MMF or MPA (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle in normal medium or in PP for 72 h prior to measuring CyQuant fluorescence. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the values obtained in three experiments, expressed as a percentage of the control. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; **** p < 0.0001.

    Article Snippet: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolic acid (MPA), produced by the Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, United States), were obtained from Cabru S.A.S. (Arcore, Milan, Italy).

    Techniques: Concentration Assay, CyQUANT Assay, Fluorescence, Standard Deviation, Control, Comparison

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. In panel (A) cells were exposed for 2 h to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or mycophenolic acid (MPA) (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle, either in normal cell culture medium or PP. In panel (B) cells were incubated in normal medium or PP for 2 h before tBHP (300 μM) was added. Intracellular ROS were measured using the dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCF-DA) assay after a 1 h incubation with these treatments. The bar graph shows DCF fluorescence as a percentage of control values ± SD. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

    Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

    Article Title: Enhancement of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of mycophenolic acid toxicity by a probiotic-conditioned medium in vitro

    doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1809197

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. In panel (A) cells were exposed for 2 h to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or mycophenolic acid (MPA) (both at a concentration of 50 μM) or their vehicle, either in normal cell culture medium or PP. In panel (B) cells were incubated in normal medium or PP for 2 h before tBHP (300 μM) was added. Intracellular ROS were measured using the dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCF-DA) assay after a 1 h incubation with these treatments. The bar graph shows DCF fluorescence as a percentage of control values ± SD. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

    Article Snippet: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolic acid (MPA), produced by the Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, United States), were obtained from Cabru S.A.S. (Arcore, Milan, Italy).

    Techniques: Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Incubation, Fluorescence, Control, Comparison

    Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on ABC1B1 activity. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of Rhodamine (Rho-123) fluorescence/protein values measured in three experiments with CaCo-2 cells. The cells were incubated for 24 h with either mycophenolic mofetil (MMF) or mycophenolate acid (MPA), both at a concentration of 50 μM, in normal cell culture medium or in PP. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005.

    Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

    Article Title: Enhancement of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of mycophenolic acid toxicity by a probiotic-conditioned medium in vitro

    doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1809197

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of probiotic-conditioned (PP), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on ABC1B1 activity. The bar graph shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of Rhodamine (Rho-123) fluorescence/protein values measured in three experiments with CaCo-2 cells. The cells were incubated for 24 h with either mycophenolic mofetil (MMF) or mycophenolate acid (MPA), both at a concentration of 50 μM, in normal cell culture medium or in PP. Asterisks indicate statistical significance after the ANOVA (multiple comparison) analysis: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005.

    Article Snippet: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolic acid (MPA), produced by the Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, United States), were obtained from Cabru S.A.S. (Arcore, Milan, Italy).

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Standard Deviation, Fluorescence, Incubation, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Comparison

    Transport of mycophenolic acid (MPA) across CaCo-2 transwells in the presence of probiotic-conditioned (PP) and control medium. (A) Shows representative chromatograms obtained from the upper and lower compartment medium extracts of control and PP-exposed transwells. Experiments were performed in triplicate. As detailed in the Section “2 Materials and methods,” MPA (50 μM) was added to the upper compartment of the transwell, either in normal medium (in the control group) or in the PP medium. The transwell was then incubated for 6 h before the medium was collected and processed. In all groups, MPA eluted with a retention time of approximately 18.5 min. (B) Shows bar graph of the mean ± SD of the ratios of the MPA peak areas in the upper and lower compartments of the control and PP transwells. No statistically significant difference between control and PP medium transwells was observed at the p < 0.05 significance level using an unpaired Student’s t -test.

    Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

    Article Title: Enhancement of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of mycophenolic acid toxicity by a probiotic-conditioned medium in vitro

    doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1809197

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Transport of mycophenolic acid (MPA) across CaCo-2 transwells in the presence of probiotic-conditioned (PP) and control medium. (A) Shows representative chromatograms obtained from the upper and lower compartment medium extracts of control and PP-exposed transwells. Experiments were performed in triplicate. As detailed in the Section “2 Materials and methods,” MPA (50 μM) was added to the upper compartment of the transwell, either in normal medium (in the control group) or in the PP medium. The transwell was then incubated for 6 h before the medium was collected and processed. In all groups, MPA eluted with a retention time of approximately 18.5 min. (B) Shows bar graph of the mean ± SD of the ratios of the MPA peak areas in the upper and lower compartments of the control and PP transwells. No statistically significant difference between control and PP medium transwells was observed at the p < 0.05 significance level using an unpaired Student’s t -test.

    Article Snippet: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolic acid (MPA), produced by the Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, United States), were obtained from Cabru S.A.S. (Arcore, Milan, Italy).

    Techniques: Control, Incubation